Raskin started the Macintosh project in 1979 to implement some of these ideas. The machine he envisioned was very different from the Macintosh that was eventually released and had much more in common with PDAs than modern desktop-based machines. In Computers by the Millions, he stated that expandable computers like the Apple II were too complex, and development was difficult due to the unknown nature of the machine the program ran on. While the Apple III was under development in 1978 and '79, Raskin was lobbying for Apple to create a radically different kind of computer that was designed from the start to be easy to use. Through this time Raskin continually wrote memos about how the personal computer could become a true consumer appliance. When Steve Wozniak developed the first disk drives for the Apple II, Raskin went back to his contacts at UCSD and encouraged them to port the UCSD P-System operating system (incorporating a version of the Pascal programming language) to it, which Apple later licensed and shipped as Apple Pascal. His experiences testing Applesoft BASIC inspired him to design a competing product, called Notzo BASIC, which was never implemented. Because the Apple II only displayed uppercase characters on a 40-column screen, his department used the Polymorphic Systems 8813 (an Intel-8080-based machine running CP/M), to write documentation this spurred the development of an 80-column display card and a suitable text editor for the Apple II. For some time he continued as Director of Publications and New Product Review, and also worked on packaging and other issues.įrom his responsibility for documentation and testing, Raskin had great influence on early engineering projects. In January 1978 Raskin joined Apple as Manager of Publications, the company's 31st employee. Steve Jobs hired his firm, Bannister and Crun, which was named for two characters in the BBC radio comedy The Goon Show, to write the Apple II BASIC Programming Manual. Raskin first met Apple Computer's Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak following the debut of their Apple II personal computer at the first West Coast Computer Faire. He occasionally wrote for computer publications, such as Dr. It was during this period that Jef changed the spelling of his name from Jeff to Jef after meeting Jon and liking the lack of extraneous letters. He curated several art shows including one featuring his collection of unusual toys. It was also the basis for programming classes talk by Jef and Jon in the UCSD Visual Arts Dept. The language utilized "typing amplification" in which only the first letter was typed and the computer provided the balance of the instruction eliminating typing errors. The language had only 6 instructions (get it, print it, print "text", jump to, if it is ' ' then & stop) and could not manipulate numbers. The language was first used at the Humanities Summer Training Institute held in 1970 at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas. Along with his undergraduate student Jonathan (Jon) Collins, Jef developed the Flow Programming Language for use in teaching programming to the art and humanities students. He was awarded a National Science Foundation grant to establish a Computer and Humanities center which used a 16 bit Data General Nova computer and graphic display terminals rather than the teletypes which were in use at that time. Raskin later enrolled in a graduate music program at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), but stopped to teach art, photography and computer science there, working as an assistant professor in the Visual Arts dept from 1968 until 1974. His first computer program, a music program, was part of his master's thesis. In 1967 he earned a master's degree in computer science at Pennsylvania State University. 1965) at the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
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